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They produce semiconductors of certain materials. Their resistance must be among that of a conductor and a non-conductor. Changes in temperature or the part of “impurities” also affect the electrical resistance.

The material contains impurities if some other components have been mixed to it. Semiconductors are marked as semiconductor assembly of type-n or type-t depending on the type of finished material.

They make diodes and transistors using both these types of semi-conductors. Today silicon is eventually turning into the most wide spread substance for making semiconductors.

Diode in its turn is the electronic unit created of semiconductor material. It helps electrical current go just in a single direction. There is a component of + (positive) combination, - (negative) combination and pn-transfer appointed as barrier level in every diode. Diodes produce electrical circuits converting among direct and alternating current. As diodes make current stay only in a single direction only half of the period or cycle passes by. They call such a junction a rectifier.

Speaking of the light diodes known as LED, they are used to get light at little voltages avoiding creating warmth. Such diodes are present in all types of up-to-date electronic equipment for example TV sets or audio units in order to sign the on state.

The development of thyristors industry was started by Moore's law. What is the main side to produce complicated power semiconductor gadgets at smaller cost? Surely lithography. For optical lithography is already outdated, there's these days a tendency for new techniques. These days ultraviolet lithography and nano-imprint lithography are thought to stay the most promising alternatives to optical one. X-ray lithography and electron beam lithography today are also thought to be of big capability.

The other important discovery was made in Russia. It was the creation of pulsed power devices. People need those sensors to fulfil different tasks in any conditions. The sensors find their application in commercial, industrial and personal devices. The form and value of the voltage sensor can change from those little light sensors to multi-functional counters signaling on radiation changes.

It's still no possibility for the voltage sensors to work alone. There are lots of purposes for using power system dispatchers. They are necessary to maintain system components like voltage, frequency, power flow, to observe the state of circuit breakers in subordinate station and the scheduled interchange of power with the neighboring power systems. System alarms and the actions against them are also under their accurate control.

For the dispatchers to complete these tasks they have to have a complete data of the whole power system received with the monitors of computer consoles in different sub-stations. The status of CB's, disconnectors, analog values and isolators or other kinds of subordinate station level data acquisition was 1st captured in the RTU. The greatest part in export is the prerogative of Russian Federation and China.